Wednesday, December 25, 2019

A Technology Changing The Boundary Of The Firm - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6415 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The internet is a network of computers who can share data and communicate between them. Its reach is almost every place in this world (see table 1). Any other technology has never changed a business as fast as internet has done. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Technology Changing The Boundary Of The Firm" essay for you Create order There are many stories of how a business been transformed on internet. EBay, the biggest e-shop was created by his founder to trade niche goods but now, one can buy or sell almost everything in this world to virtually everywhere. You can transform your business if you are nicely connected to your customers, suppliers and other trade partners. Internet is the best possible connector in a business who is at your service for virtually nothing. There is whole world at your disposal and you donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need to open a shop everywhere. Only thing you need is internet connection with some computer system. If you are able to offer a better deal you are in business otherwise, irrespective of how big or small you are, you are going to run out of business. The impact of internet includes: Less importance of economies of scale. Fewer barriers to internationalization. Lower marketing communication costs. Greater price standardization. Less information floating time. Easy and fast communication between buyer and sellers. Changes in intermediary relationships. The internet lowers transaction costs in three ways: Search costs: The amount of information available to the buyer and the seller can be increased with the help of internet and that can be accessed conveniently and timely. Contracting costs: The internet helps to establish better communication and monitor the performance of partners in business relationship. It is easier to negotiate and compare prices via internet. Co-ordination costs: The cost of sharing information is reduced due to internet and is helpful in integrating business operations. What is e-business? (Kotler and Keller, 2009) e-business describes the use of electronic means and platform to conduct a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business. E-business is short form of electronic business, where internet and related technology is used for normal business operations. Here internet is used to increase productivity, reduce costs and thus to increase turnover. The effect of Internet on business Internet has changed the business immensely. It has made the world come closer and trade economically and efficiently. It has created a virtual market where everything is available, not physically but virtually. The greatest effect internet has done on business is that it made trade price sensitive and more logical. A customer now is able to do the research work or comparisons before buying a product or services. Not only customer but it has benefited firm as well. Now firm is able to reach distant customer easily and cheaply. They can create awareness about their product and can interact directly with customer to know their preference, problem and potential solution. There is lot more to come and has impact on almost every sector of business. In further chapters we will discuss about these impacts in detail. Dissertation Objective The objective of writing this dissertation is as follows: To analyse the role of internet in development of business. To highlight the way a firm can effectively use internet technology to gain competitive advantage over their competitors. Project Structure This dissertation is divided in seven chapters with each chapter dealing with a specific topic dealing how internet helps in developing a business. First chapter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Introductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ contains the basic detail about the internet and their business application. Chapter 2 with heading literature review discusses about the internet and its impact on international marketing, the internet and the e-value chain and international marketing strategy and e-business. Here, the things discussed are the essence of the academic work of known writers. Chapter three discusses about the virtual market (market space) and their different aspects (like how this market can be exploited, what the possible pitfall are and where opportunities lies). Chapter four is about marketing on internet. Here some of the important discussions are on interactive marketing, push marketing and advertising via internet. There is also discussion about global business strategy and driver that need t o be adopted for international marketing via internet. In chapter five, the academic analysis of internet as a tool for development of business is done. Here porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s generic competitive advantage model, Rayport and Sviokla model of marketspace and Dutta and Segevà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market space model has been discussed in brief. Further a SWOT analysis of inter is done with some suggestions. In chapter sis a very brief case study of eBay is done. Chapter seven is about the managerial implication of the changing scenario due to internet and in marketplace. Literature Review The Internet and its impact on International Marketing The Internet (Fletcher et al, 2005) The internet is a global network of interlinked computers operating on a standard protocol that allows information exchange. (Carolyn Siegel, 2004) It is the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest network of interconnected distributed computer networks. Thus we can infer that any system which is able to share information to other system through a globally accepted protocol is part of internet and this whole interconnection may be called as internet. Internet commerce (Kotler and Keller, 2009) e-commerce means that the company or site offers to transact or facilitate the selling of products and services online. The internet user in the world is growing fast and so is the market scope for the marketers. According to Internet World Stat, 23.8% of total world population are active internet user. Thus, a vast population of more than 1.5 billion is ready to buy and sell on internet given a better deal. It can be only imagined the vastness and growth of market that within 8 year (2000 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2008) the world internet users grew by 342% and out of those users, 85% have purchased something on internet (Source, Nielsen, Feb 2008). The Internet and International Marketing (Carolyn Siegel, 2004) Marketing is a collection of activities that bring buyers and sellers together to make exchanges that satisfy and give value to all parties. (Carolyn Siegel, 2004) Internet marketing or e-marketing (electronic marketing) is marketing on internet with the help of emails, World Wide Web or other means. It also includes production and selling of internet related products. According to Fletcher in 2005, the introduction of electronic business has changed the fundamental principles of international marketing. He pointed out certain things that internet has changed are: Size of firm is no longer a barrier to internationalization. No need of overseas intermediaries as it became easier to locate customer and deal directly with them. No longer is traditional way of internationalization (moving from familiar to less familiar country) applicable as information became easily available and the communication medium is interactive. The internet (as a low cost medium) allows small and medium firms to become global marketer at their early stage. This is due to the fact that internet can help establishing better communication among overseas customers, suppliers, agents and distributors. We will discuss more about drivers of internet business model, impact of internet on international marketing in chapter 5. Characteristics According to Richard Fletcher et al, 2005, the internet is both communication and a marketing intelligence tool. As a communication tool it helps to build and maintain effective communication with overseas suppliers, distributors and customers. The internet has good information processing capability which acts as link between firm and external environment (discussed later). This ability of internet used as marketing intelligence tool. The internet is used as marketing channel and has following characteristics: Ability to store vast amount of data (information) inexpensively at virtually different location. Interactivity and ability to provide information on demand. Relatively low entry and establishment costs for sellers. Serve as distribution medium for goods like software, e-books etc. Powerful and cheap tool for searching, organizing and processing information. The ability to provide better insight of a product than that of other form of printed catalogue. The Internet and the e-value chain Netchising or Virtual value chain According to Beck and Morrison (2000), the physical value chain activity while globalization has not seen good results. This is due to the fact that a firm uses their resources in overseas activity at the expense of opportunities of domestic market. Not only that, there are other problem faced by an organisation like coordination of physical operations across the globe, the cultural differences, the cost of expatriates and vulnerability to environmental risk that can damage reputation of the firm. Most of these problems can be effectively solved by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"netchisingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, a term coined by Beck and Morrison (2000). Netchising is the practice of handing over overseas operations to partners (generally overseas) by outsourcing, subcontracting or franchising. Netchising has following advantages: Efficiency: generally overseas partners are more efficient and are specialized in carrying out the outsourced activities than the outsourcing firm. Convenience: exchange of information becomes easy. Now, orders can be directly placed to the firm without any local agent and a firm can also share information to the customers directly. Reduction in Transaction cost: It reduces the cost of carrying business operations which ultimately benefit the profitability of firm. International value chain According to Plumley (2000), international e-business value chain is the combination of e-commerce platform and secure transaction support (see figure 2.1). The e-commerce platform builds on the countries business rules and language where as secure transaction support builds on currency clearing and legal requirement. According to Gartner Group, internet affects the supply chain (see figure 2.2). It shows that a customer can buy and pay for the product or services easily and at the same time a supplier can also communicate directly with customer and with their own other internal departments. International information chain According to Karmarkar (2000), internet value chain is closely linked with international information chain. The language and cultural differences is the main hurdle in the path of globalization of a firm. When a firm deals with information product (like music, e-books or software) then it becomes easier to go global. In certain cases when product or services are not much attached to language or cultural factors (for ex. Technical publishing and industrial services), then also it is easy to become global. In production of information product and services low labour cost is the key as relative cost of hardware and software has come down. Now, firms look for low cost labour market (like India, China) to develop information products. Outsourcing of information services (customer care service such as call centres) and software development cell are some examples. Thus we can say that in information value chain, the physical infrastructure doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t play a vital role. International Marketing Strategy and e-business Internet issue and foreign market entry According to Oxley and Yeung (2000), the e-commerce readiness of a market is determined by three factors: The rule of law: A customer is not able to see the original product while purchasing online. Therefore, they need to be assured that if they purchase a product or service online; they will get them as they were told or shown online in given time limit. According to survey by e-consultancy in 2008, 84% buyers look for the sign that a website is secure before making a purchase. Thus, a market (country) must be able to provide an environment where property rights are well defines, courts are efficient in resolving disputes and consumer credits and consumer protection regulations are well established and enforced (i.e. strong tradition of the rule of law). The transactional integrity of online business: It is difficult to track a e-business trader by their e-mail address or website. Also, the entry and exit barrier in e-business is low and this is used as a weapon by dishonest e-traders. They can execute fraud and again be able to do it with a new name (as they can entre again in market with new identity). When dispute arises, it is hard to practise legal action in a different country and can be costly. The availability of infrastructure: migration from traditional market to online market is not possible until customers have access to personal computer and internet connection at reasonable price. Apart from these facilities, they do have the facility of credit card or online payment system. Thus, internet related infrastructure and financial infrastructure are essential Electronic Marketplace à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? a virtual market According to Garrison, (1996), the internet acts as a catalyst for sociological change. It has changed the nature of market, the way of business operation and the mode of communication with customers and other business partners. It has created a market space which has affected the traditional marketplace and consumer preferences by providing greater facilities to them. Internet has become the largest market available to mankind where almost everything is been sell or bought. This market space doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t exist in physical terms but can get everything available in physical market. Physical vs. Virtual Value Chain Value chain is nothing but a set of value adding activity for the product or services. Rayport and Sviokla, 1996, argued about a new value chain termed as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"virtual value chainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ where product or services exist as a piece of information and can be delivered through information based channel of communication. This virtual value chain is different from physical or traditional value chain where one can see or touch products. He said the virtual world as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"market spaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ while the physical world as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"marketplaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. According to Fletchar et al 2005, the virtual value chain is a realm where products and services exist as digital information delivered through information based channel. He also differentiates virtual value chain and physical value chain on the basis of information used. The virtual value system uses information as the source of value while in physical value chain it is used as a supporting element of value adding process. Thus we can say that now a day a firm has to compete in two business environment, one is traditional and other is virtual business environment. The distinction between the two can be understood by this example. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“when consumers use answering machines to leave a message, they are using an object that is both made and sold in the physical world, however when they buy electronic answering services from the phone company they are using the market space à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  a virtual realm where products and services are digital information and are delivered through information-based channels.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Rayport and Sviokla, 1996) Figure 2: The Virtual Value Chain in relation to The Physical Value Chain (source: Hollensen, 2001). Adoption of Value Adding Activities: Company adopts value adding information activities in the following three stages: Visibility: Here large scale information systems are used to coordinate activities in the physical value chain. Mirroring Capability: It is the capability of substituting physical activities with virtual and thus creating a parallel virtual value chain in the marketspace (see figure 2). New Customer Relationship: This is the flow of information to customer to deliver value in new ways. This parallel physical and virtual value chain operation allow firms to deliver value to their customer in both marketspace and marketplace. These operations create marketspace based relationship with customers. The virtual value chain consists of five steps, say, gathering, organising, selecting, synthesizing and distributing information. These value adding activity allow company to identify customers desires more effectively and fulfil them more efficiently. This happens, for example, when a car manufacturer shifts its RD from the physical to the virtual value chain. By doing so, they involve customers of different locations in the new product development process. The physical value chain is linear (a sequence of activities with defined input and outputs), whereas the virtual value chain is non-linear (a matrix of potential inputs and outputs that can be accessed and distribute by a wide variety of channels). Relationship marketing It is a way of marketing where marketers or firm try to attract, maintain and enhance relationship with customers and other business partners. Internet (or website) acts as the best medium to communicate with people related to business. Firms now focus on relationship marketing to gather information from customers, to develop customized product or services for a focussed customer group. The internet helps firms to improve relationship with their customers and suppliers; and help them to work effectively. Now a firm doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need a middleman or a agent as they can sell directly to the customer via internet. Thus the distance with customer is decreasing and a firm need a smaller supply chain which can increase their profitability. The lesser distance also allows firms to establish a close relationship with customer and provide those customized products or services as per their need. The firms (like eBay, Google etc) involved in innovative business have always realized the power of customer relationship. They bank on the ability to process large relationship database. With the help of this relationship database they formulate their strategy and develop innovative way of marketing. The relationship marketing not only benefit the firm but also the customers. The customers are benefitted because firm can develop customized and focussed marketing message. Mattsson, (1996), has described a relationship as combination of three main components, which affect the parties involved in a business. Those components are legal(L), behavioural(P), and atmospheric (E). These three factor determines the success and failure of a relationship marketing in a particular market. Thus it is possible to have a successful buyer-seller relationship in domestic market totally failure in overseas market. Finally we can say that relationship marketing includes the management of a firm and thus it must be included in the business plan Marketing on the Internet Internet and Global Business Strategy (Kotler and Keller, 2006) e-marketing describes company offers to inform buyers, communicate, promote and sell its products and services over the internet. Drivers of Internet Adoption in International Marketing Once a firm establishes an internet portal (website), they automatically become a MNC (Multi National Company). Quelch and Kelvin (1996) describe two evolutionary paths of a website: Information to Transaction Model (figure 4.1) adopted by existing MNCs where they offer information to address the needs of existing customers. Transaction to Information Model (figure 4.2) adopted by internet start-up companies where they begin with transaction and use the medium to build brand image and secure repeat orders. The basic purpose of these models is either to reduce cost or to increase revenue. According to Quelch and Kelvin (1996), these drivers fall into four quadrant as given in figure 4.3. Internal customers focus/ cost reduction (quadrant 1): This is applicable to the companies who use website as a tool to communicate with their customers. Their main focus is to provide customer services for domestic market. They just happen to attract international traffic. Internal customer focus/ revenue generation (quadrant 2): This is applicable to the companies who use website not only to communicate with their domestic customers but also offer transactions online. This enables a firm to reach those international customers who might be inaccessible via other media. External customer focus/ cost reduction (quadrant 2): This is applicable to the companies whose main aim is to attract international audience through their website. This happens to benefit all customers because of the international scope of operations. External customer focus/ revenue generation (quadrant 3): This is applicable to the firms who not only focus on attracting international audience but also offer transactions worldwide. Here transaction involves connecting buyers and sellers. Company target providing services to existing customers and attract new customers from global market. Impact of Internet on International Marketing Variables The modification in marketing mix variables is necessary while using internet for international marketing. The impacts of internet on application of marketing mix while going to international market are as follows: Pricing: Due to internet customers are more aware of prices in different countries and thus there is increase in price standardization across borders and price differential become narrow. One advantage of this is that price can be customized easily with customers need and their profile (segment). Distribution Channels: Internet has dramatically reduced the number of intermediaries earlier needed for worldwide distribution channels. As now, less capital is needed for inventory and thus the role of intermediaries has been changed. The new roles of intermediaries include collection, spreading, interpretation and distribution of information rather than traditionally handling and distribution of products. Creation of new Market: Internet offers new opportunities for firms to create market by helping buyers and sellers to locate and negotiate trade terms with each other (ex. eBay etc). There is also a market developed for executing transaction between traders (ex. PayPal etc). New Product Diffusion: The traditional à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"test as you goà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ practice where shifting products from one country to another is now outdated. Now, new product announcement or launch generates immediate demand (as information travel faster on internet) and that requires immediate availability of goods. Customization: Due to internet, getting demographic and purchasing profile of customer became easy. This allows firms to customize products for local adaption as per local market demand. Advertising on internet Internet is a low cost advertising medium having reach to global audience. Advertising on internet includes banner advertising on website, email, blogs and links to search engines. As traditional media of advertising is quite expensive and at the same time internet infrastructure is improving day by day and able to prove support to video and graphics on web. With this improvement a firm can successfully launch an online advertisement campaign. Interactive advertising According to Haeckel, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Marketing interactivity is a person-to-person or person-to-technology exchange designed to effect a change in the knowledge or behaviour of at least one person.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? He also point out that interactivity is function of certain dimensions, which is given as: I = Æ'(N, C, F, SI, CI, T, CT, SY, M) Where, I = impact of interaction, M = Type of media involved (Other factors not discussed as not relevant to current topic). Now, as a technology, internet is the strongest media for interactive marketing. The reason for that is Internet is used by almost a quarter of the total world population. It is not limited to a particular geographic reason. The growth of user is fast. Cheapest and fastest way of interacting with majority of population (both for customer and marketers). Haeckel also pointed out that there is going to be much more business and marketing use through internet. He made a graph which shows how we find usage of a new technology with time (see graph below) and thus we can say there is more in store than what we are seeing and using presently. Even interactive marketing may see turnaround with this technology. Marketing with push technology (Wetzel, 2008) defined push marketing as, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“customers are provided information by receiving or viewing advertisements digitally, such as: e-mail, SMS, RSS, phone calls, etc., as subscribers of the latest product and service information provided by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The internet is the cheapest and most effective media that is used for push marketing. Advantages of Push Marketing via Internet Tracking of Customer Preference: It is easier to track user preference with the help of push technology (internet) and customize according to their preferences. A good example of this is Google AdSense that tracks the users visited website or keywords in mail and according to those criteria it shows advertisement (related link). Increase Accessibility: With the help of push marketing a firm can increase customer accessibility by the firms marketing and advertisement of the products. Subscribers get pushed by built in developed software called PointCast that enable users to receive automatic content updates via their internet connection and web presence as the channel to get information when their computers are not in use. Corporate identity in cyberspace Firms are now using web to extend and reinforce their companies brand image in a cost efficient manner. This serves as a complementary media device that re-establishes a firm in consumers mind. By providing valuable information to users a firm can expand their brand image. The regular updating of information may attract customers to visit website regularly, which will reinforce firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s image and provide them a chance to create a new and extended cyber image. Analysis and Methodology Competitive Advantage via Internet Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s three generic strategies for competitive advantage According to Porter (1985), a firm can earn high return if they are able to position themselves well enough, irrespective of the structure of the industry and profitability of the industry. He pointed out the fundamental basis for above average performance is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sustainable competitive advantageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in long run. For that sustainable competitive advantage he gave three generic competitive strategies. Cost Leadership: According to porter (1985), a firm is having cost advantage over his competitors if the cumulative cost of performing value activity is less than the competitors. He further discussed that a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost position is a function of; (a) the composition of their value chain to their competitors, (b) their relative position in cost drivers. Now, we see that how internet helps them to achieve them cost leadership by affecting the above two functions. Differentiation: Porter (1985) describes another strategy for competitive advantage is to differentiate their product with competitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products. This means raising the quality with ignoring the cost for the sake of quality. Now internet can help them to do that by interacting directly with customer and customizing products according to target group. Many firms now use blog site to interact with customers and promoting their new or customized product. Focus: Porter describe this as customizing products or services to suit a focused or small segment of consumer group. The internet helps firms to focus on different aspects of the products and customer group. Internet even allow firm to receive specification from each and every customers and according to them they can produce customized products or services. As discussed in chapter 3, the relation of physical and virtual value chain (Hollensen, 2001), we find there is virtual value chain corresponding to each physical value chain. By applying this value chain a firm can become cost leader as it depends on two factors discussed above. A firm can shift to virtual value chain to gain cost advantage over their competitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s physical value chain. For example Federal Express (FedEx), a shipment company allows consumer to track their parcels. This tracking system via internet is very efficient and economical. The FedEx has now reduced more than a million query calls per month by providing online shipment tracking system. This is one of the way of reducing cost and step towards cost leader position and at the same time it differentiate FedEx from their competitors. But this is not enough as sooner or later others will follow same practice and FedEx lose the competitive edge. The real edge lies on the innovative and creative way o f finding or changing physical value chain to virtual value chain. So now apart from technology, innovative idea of using technology is the key for success of a firm. Stuck in the middle Porter (1985) points out a situation, where a firm try to achieve both generic strategy (cost leadership and differentiation) but fails to achieve any of them. He calls this situation as stuck in the middle. According to him, a firm stuck in the middle will compete at disadvantage as others competitors (cost leader, differentiators) will be better positioned to compete in any segment. In case of Google AdSense, Google is offering a differentiated advertising tool at very low cost (usually one get this via auction, where price is driven by customer not producer) is offering a differentiated (highly unique and effective) advertisement. Here both cost leadership and differentiation is achieved by Google with the help of technology. Johnson et al (1998) discuss about the core competency of a firm may be difficult to imitate because they are complex. The google is doing the same thing by making the internal structure complex, which is hard to imitate by competitors. Thus, they can put the mselves in a position where for an advertisement position (ex. Out of five position or space, advertisers bid for first position then second and so on), firms bid among themselves. Thus, it is possible to achieve a position where a firm can achieve cost leadership and differentiation without compromising one for the other with the help of technology (say internet) and their own creativity (say way of using internet). E-business marketing Models and International Competitiveness Rayport and Sviokla Model According to Rayport and Sviokla (1995), the internet has changed the nature of trade. Internet has made both physical location of inventory and the actual place (marketplace) of trade irrelevant. They argued that traditional marketplace (the physical market) transaction has been replaced by markets place (virtual market or e-market) transaction. They concluded that brand equity is created in marketplace through content (i.e. the product offering), context (the communication programmes) and infrastructure (i.e. the pricing and value chain activity related to distribution). While in market space (internet marketing); content, context and infrastructure has been transformed to innovate new ways of creating value. The changes are: Content: Now, everything possible is delivered electronically whether it is product, service or information. Even though operating system (Microsoft window) are available online. They time to time update your system online without your request. But here is a challenge for a firm on deciding what information and service should be provided. How much access should be given to customers to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s database? The success of a firm will depend on the nature of the firm and the answer to these questions. Context: now, information is accessed through mobile phone or computers. Whatever information you want, from your bank account details to horoscope, all available electronically. The challenge here to identify who and where the potential customers are connected electronically. If there is any compatibility between computers and other mode of access information. Infrastructure: The internet provides the backbone for connection and delivery of value. Here the main question arises is about the reach, capability and potential of value creation via internet. Although this framework defines impact of e-business marketing but there is lot more to be done in terms of content, context and infrastructure. For a international market, the product (content) need to be customized as per local demand. This means, information delivered (context) should also be customized (i.e. need to be given in local language) and finally infrastructure is about transaction. Since there is no common currency in the world and it is also not easy to transact one currency to other and moreover suspicion remains in customers mind for foreign firms (especially for small firms). Dutta and Segevà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Market space Model Dutta and Segav (1998) has done a lot of research on market space and found that it has two dimension; technological capability and business strategy. The technological capability is further divided in two dimensions given below; Interactivity: according to Dutta and Segav (1998), internet is able to establish a interactive relationship between a firm and customers. Due to this there is a paradigm shift in customer services and product design. Connectivity: As internet can be accessed globally, so it creates a global market space. The growth in connectivity increases coordination and communication between a firm and consumers. These two aspects are transforming business model of organisation when applied to marketing mix of that firm. In this model one more element à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"customer relationshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has been added. Transformation of product: This transformation is due to customization of products for a customer or a segment of customers. This is done with the help of active participation of customers in the specification and design of the products. Transformation of promotion: This transformation is a result of the use of online promotions (like sales and discount), online advertising, participation of customers in online promotion (like blogs), customization of online promotion and links with search engines or other related websites. Transformation of pricing: This transformation is a result of online availability of pricing information, pricing negotiation, and/or charging for the actual product consumed not for the whole product (ex. Internet service provider charges only for the amount of download not for staying online). Transformation of place: This transformation is due to facility of online ordering, real time processing of orders, online distribution of product and secured online payment facility. Transformation of customer relationship: this transformation is a result of online communication with customers. They are also offering online customer service, online customized service and processing of online feedback from customers. Figure 5.4 illustrate the new customer relationship. It was found that that internet transform the marketing mix variable to different degrees. According to their research the transformation in customer relationship is 62%, product 39%, placement 38% promotion 29% and price 12% due to use of internet. His research revealed that the firm using internet for customer relationship (such as using website to provide customer services) has done well compare to their competitors. The online customer service include providing product guides online, creating blog to share experience after using a product or service and providing online chat services. SWOT Analysis of Internet Strength: Expand Reachable Market: Internet allows you to reach to the markets which were previously unreachable to you without too much expenditure on it. Your potential and existing customers can now access you at any point of time without much fuss, irrespective of their location (home, office, park, cafÃÆ' ©, any where). Information Distribution: You can now provide information about your product and services to the audience without hassle. One can have a look of your store without physically reaching the store. Value Added Service: It is now easy to provide value added customer services online, such as providing technical publications, examples of product use, instructions and other value added bits of information. User Information Request: Customer can easily access information of a firm and their product or services via internet. They are now able to place a order and communicate with the firm for a customized product. A firm can get valuable information about their customer profile by exchanging information. Easy Location of Data: Users can easily access the information in the site by using a search engine. Firms also provide links as a form of advertisement to popular sites and search engines. Consistent Marketing: Utilize your existing communication, marketing and outreach strategies on the internet to establish a consistent communications approach. Integrating current or existing marketing assets like logos and customer artwork, can help save on web development costs. Utilize Existing Networks: Very effective and cheap way to reach your potential customers through links from related site or search engines or internet catalogs. The changes and addition to the site can be notified via e-mail to the customer. Save Mailing Costs: Once you are on internet, your lots of paper work and mailing costs vanished. Changing Content Is Easy: It is easy and cost effective to change contents after the design and architecture of a web site has be established and produced. Project and Work Sharing: now distance is not an obstacle to assist your boss or subordinate as you can share your work and help them through internet. Software like TeamViewer4 (will be discussed later) allows you to control others system through your system via internet. Weakness Existing infrastructure is unsuited to future requirements of mass market interactive multimedia communication. Many users do not trust the security of internet. E-mail which is the cheapest and fastest medium to send and receive information is often used to spread viruses, which can destroy data of system. Cookies, which are used by website to track your movement on that site, can also be used to track your movement to other sites, where you give your details while purchasing via credit card. This information can be used for malicious purpose. Internet is overloaded with information, much of it useless to most people. Opportunity The internet become faster and is able to provide large bandwidth which can support worldwide communication via video, audio and multimedia services. Demand for internet services and application will increase, justifying improvements in software and infrastructure. Internet users will demand faster and more powerful computers. Demand for simplified computer system may develop, so that non PC literate consumer can gain internet access. Traditional PC software will be improved to take advantage of internet opportunities. Demand for internet servers and other communication hardware will continue to rise. Increased home computer use may create demand for home-service computer maintenance. Commercial advertising will discover new approaches to communicating with customers. Enhanced universal education opportunities for the whole population. Threat Spam: It is basically unwanted e-mails and popup, usually in the form of advertising for a product or service. They not only waste your time but also uses up considerable bandwidth on internet. Malware: These are software made with wrong intention of damaging your system or to get information such as viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, adware, etc. Computer viruses (includes Virus hoaxes, Computer worms, Trojans): It is a programme made with wrong intention of destroying a system or data stored in the system.   Phishing: According to Financial Services Authority (FSA), the phishing has risen by 8000% by 2005 to 2008. According to an estimate by APACS,  £45.7 million will be lost to phishing scams in 2006, compared to  £4.5 million in 2003/2004. It is the practice where fraudsters acting as a legitimate organisations such as banks, online payment services etc., send misleading e-mails requesting personal and financial details (which includes credit cards, bank accounts, social security numbers, security codes, names addresses, login names passwords and phone number etc.) from unsuspecting recipients. They further use these information to transfer money into their own account from someone else account. Adware and Spyware: It is a software application, in which advertising is displayed while the programme is running, which often run without knowledge of users. These are in the form of banners or pop-ups that appear on the computer monitor. They reduce computer performance and disturb user. Some adware used for collecting information about users, they are called Spyware. Identity theft: Fraudsters are not only interested in your credit card details but also information about your credit reports, passwords and PIN, social insurance numbers, driving license numbers, mortgage details, addresses and phone numbers.  Computer criminals realized the power of information and they eye robbing databanks. This crime is growing rapidly and if they use remote computers they are hard to catch. According to internet statistics compendium, 2008, U.S. alone loses $53 billion per year. Safety tips Installing a fire-wall can reduce the risk of hackers gaining access to your computer. It also protects the system from Internet-borne threats such as spyware. Install anti-virus software to eliminate any infected data received. Install anti-spyware software to eliminate any spyware which will get through. Be cautious about giving your personal data online. While sending sensitive data, encrypt (encode) it, so that only desired recipients can decode it and access it.

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Effective Methods For Accommodating Students With...

Research Question: What are effective methods for accommodating students’ with disabilities in inclusive settings in elementary schools? Preface The right to equal education should be in reach of all students’ regardless of their educational needs and backgrounds. The barriers that students’ with disabilities face are evident in today’s public school education. We as educators sometimes ignore the capabilities of some of our disabled students’ and impede them from achieving their fullest potential. Inclusive education implementation has helped improve the quality of education offered to all children who attend school. To ensure that all our students’ receive quality and equal education policies and teacher practices must be inclusive of all learners. This research will look into inclusive settings and methods used by teachers to support children with disabilities. It will also explore the pros and cons of inclusive settings in elementary schools. Defining Disabilities Who do we consider disabled? How do we define disability? The term disability is a term that is used by many to describe a person who has mental or physical impairments. The term is often connected with visible forms of disabilities. Inclusive Education What is inclusive education? Inclusive education is educating students with special educational needs in the same classroom as a general education student. It rejects the idea of dividing students with disabilities with those who are not disabled. Inclusion isShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )976 Words   |  4 Pagesbehavior as well as an increase in productivity within classroom environments as a whole. Although a few voices question the alternative approaches in accommodating ADHD affected students, the strategies applied have demonstrated academic success (Bussing et al., 2012). ADHD classroom intervention developments establish positive results from the methods and causes, and minimize opposition regarding the innovating trends used. Typically, once a child is diagnosed with ADHD, the treatment options areRead MoreTeaching Strategies For Children With Disabilities1387 Words   |  6 PagesI am a sophomore in college and growing up I have always had a lot of love for children with disabilities. My parents taught me that everyone is not the same, but God made everyone in his image. A school in Arizona has a program named Reteach and Enrich that helps children with disabilities. Mariko Nobori states that â€Å"The goal of the program is to give disorder students the opportunity to master essential skills and knowledge before they move on to the next level† (5 Strategies). It can be veryRead MoreCognitive Theory And Teaching Vocabulary Enhancement For Various Types Of Learners1620 Words   |  7 Pagesmathematics and science. Vocabulary knowledge and comprehension is crucial. Although there are many different causes for students’ shortfalls in reading comprehension, there are a variety of strategies to improve these deficits (Biemiller, 2006). This paper looks at the many studies performed on strategies for vocabulary enhancement for various types of learners, as well as instructional methods used to increase comprehension in the content areas. When considering vocabulary knowledge and comprehension inRead MoreI Am Working At London School Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesI am working at London school, a comprehensive mixed secondary school with a population of around 1200 students. Located in a very vibrant locality, the school looks very decent and is very popular with the general public. Part of this, is due to its open door policy to the local community. The school hold a number of outdoor and indoor activities on a regular basis, most of them for free, which in return, has created a sense of togetherness and family ethos within the neighbourhood. The communityRead MoreInclusive Education For Children With Disabilities1631 Words   |  7 PagesInclusive education is where children with disabilities receive special education services in the general education setting. Many factors can make inclusion difficult or complex. Accommodating instruction to meet the educational needs of all students is one of the most fundamental problems in education. Many argue that inclusive practices benefit all students. While others argue that inclusive education is inadequately designed to meet the needs of exceptional students. 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Autism is actually called Autism Spectrum Disorder and encompasses a broad range disabilities such as Asperger syndrome, Rett’s Syndrome, and Pervavasive Development Disorder (Dunlap Fox, n.d.). There are also varying degreesRead MoreEssay on Teacher Attitudes Towards Inclusion 1289 Words   |  6 Pages2010; Jensen, McCrary, Krampe, Cooper, 2004; Jung, 2007; Short Martin, 2005; Smith Smith, 2000); examine the influence teacher preparation programs, coursework, and practicum experience have on novice teacher attitudes toward included students with disabilities (Algaryouti et al.; Berry; Brakenreed Barnett; Burke; Jung) and ways to increase inservice teachers’ attitudes of inclusive teaching (Daane, Lusk, Thompson; DeSimone Parmar; Elliot; Gurgur Uzuner; Smith Smith). Many of these studiesRead MoreCurriculum Development Interview. This Paper Will Summarize1748 Wor ds   |  7 PagesDemographics of the School District In eastern South Dakota, the school district that the Curriculum Specialist contracts with has an enrollment of around 1,135 students. Out of this population of students, 14% are students with disabilities and 26% are economically disadvantaged. The district does not have any Native American students nor any English Language Learners, but about 2% of the population are Hispanic, Latino, and Multi-Racial. The population of the Non-Gap group (includes White/CaucasianRead MoreAnalysis Of Howard Gardner On Multiple Intelligences1380 Words   |  6 Pageslearning the in the classroom, and can affect how well a student performs in a certain class. Intelligence also has a biological foundation, which means that the potential for a child to reach full mental capacity is determined by his or her genetics. However, intelligence is not completely biologically deterministic because the nurturing of the child can also affect how intelligent he or she can become, which can also take part in the c lassroom. Students have their strengths and weaknesses in certain subject

Monday, December 9, 2019

Labor supply Or Demand Issue In Woolworth †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Labor supply Or Demand Issue In Woolworth. Answer: Introduction In the current business scenario, recruitment is the key challenging factor that is faced by companies in the Australia. Further, supervisors, managers, and human resources managers within an organization always look towards resolving the challenges of recruitment of their workforces. In Addition, high vacancy rate, turnover, and poor staff training are expensive for the organization, as well as this condition may generate detrimental outcome within the organization. Therefore, it is essential for organization to assess and execute the effective strategies to overcome these workforce recruitment challenges (Lai, et. al., 2016). This report presents the certain challenges for recruiting the workforce within Woolworths organization. It also recommends different strategies to address these challenges. Key challenges for recruiting the workforce for Woolworths organization Labor supply/demand Labor supply and demand is the key issue for recruiting the workforce within Woolworths, Australia. The availability of labor in both outside and inside the corporation is an essential factor in the recruitment procedure. It is analyzed that Woolworths has a demand for more qualified person but there is an inadequate supply in the market with respect to a qualified workforce. Therefore, the company has to depend on the internal resources by facilitating them development initiatives and special training (Curtis, and Reid, 2013). Moreover, supply and demand of specific skills are required by Woolworths in the labor market. In the Australian labor market, demand for skills is high relative to the supply as extraordinary recruiting efforts may be required. For example, the demand for financial analyst and marketing manager is likely to be higher as compared to their supply. Along with this, supply and demand relationships for non-technical employees are opposite to technical employees in Australia (Mabaya, et. al., 2016). Organizational image Image of the organization can act as prospect constraint for recruitment. It is analyzed that Woolworths has positive image and goodwill as an employer hence it could be easier for this firm to attract and retain their workforce as compared to an organization with a negative image. Image of a company relies on its performance in the retail industry. For instance, products are highly purchased by people when supermarkets were coming up in the Australia (Holbeche, 2015). Demographic issues Demographic change is the key challenge for the organization in recruiting the workforce. It can be evaluated that Woolworths faced demographic issue for recruiting the employees hence it needs to adapt the effective recruitment practices for responding towards increasing diversity within the labor markets. Diversity can change the pool of expected workforces and the requirement of workforces. Together with, it influences the extensive business objectives such as provisions related to service. Furthermore, the continual modification in the demographic profile and extensive population indicates that organizations need to build strategies that will attain the requirements and wishes of the Australian people (Hairon, and Tan, 2017). There is certain demographic and social alteration is outlined below: Ageing population Force regarding welfare and health facilities Voluntary compassionate act by the people Favorable aging and ongoing withdrawal Labor force diversity Participation of women Diversity-related to ethnic and religious Besides this, differences in a generation are a big issue for recruiting the workforce within the Woolworths hence this company should develop the learning aptitude and receptiveness to adopt the new facts and knowledge (Bailey, et. al., 2015). Competitors The recruitment policies of competitors have also affected the recruitment function of Woolworths. Furthermore, the organization has to make modification in their recruitment policies due to facing rivalry. In this way, the company makes policies by analysis the strategies that are followed by its key market participants (Ibrahim, and Sidani, 2014). Political, Social and Legal Atmosphere There is different government regulation which is prohibiting bias in recruiting hence employment has a direct impact on the recruitment activities. For instance, Government of Australia has made regulation regarding high tax rate in retail sector hence it will impact on the recruitment process due to declining salary within the organization. Along with this, trade union plays a significant role in recruiting process of Woolworths (Pourshaban, et. al., 2015). Therefore, it can be stated that restrictive administration freedom of choosing the individuals can have a negative impact on selecting best candidates. When candidate is unable to meet the predetermined criteria which are set by the union then union regulation can create difficulties to select the candidate. As a result, it can be stated that union regulation is a big challenge for Woolworth while recruiting the workforce within an organization (Curtis, and Reid, 2013). Rate of Unemployment Unemployment factor is an essential factor that affects the existence of candidates and growth of the Australian economy. It is analyzed that while company creating new jobs and there is an oversupply of proficient labor then it leads to increase unemployment (Sellers, et. al., 2015). Labor Market Employment circumstances can be created where the company is situated as it will affect the recruiting efforts of the company. It is analyzed that a surplus of manpower exists in the Australia as it could affect the recruitment process. As well as, informal attempts such as notice boards and announcement in the meeting will also affect the applicants in recruiting process (Hunter, 2015). Recommend strategies to address these challenges Employer branding Employer branding is used as a procedure in which Woolworths build an internal and external appearance of an organization. In this way, the company concentrated on the targeted audience rather than potential recruitment (Gldner, et. al., 2015). Following are a different strategy that should be used by Woolworths to create branding in the market: Digitalizing strategy The digital technologies are focusing on talent engagement, attraction, and retention of the employees. It is not a new strategy hence Woolworths should emphasize on new effects. Moreover, high amount of data can be accessed through social media which is never before seen. Hence, social media should be used by Woolworth to create a positive image in the market by promoting their brands through online. As a result, it would be beneficial to enhance the business process (Bennett, et. al., 2014). Creating network The key to improving the branding in the market is to constantly organically produce the network. The company should also make strategies to reach the global level network as it would be diverse enough to make sure that company is connecting with people who have a range of skills and diverse backgrounds (Curtis, and Reid, 2013). Increase lifelong learning and experience Woolworths should create self-learning by taking feedback from employees and train them on how to deliver the information to customers. There is a number of open sources and free company websites available for people with internet connection as they can share their experience regarding job (Pourshaban, et. al., 2015). CSR engagement CSR can be an effective strategy to build employer branding of Woolworths as it affects how people observe a brand positioning in the market as compared to key market participants. Effective flow of communication The company should use a certain tool like Woolworths should use customer service to aid the communication flow outside and inside of an organization. These techniques can provide support to Woolworths to become smarter for all sizes work and become more responsive and make rapid innovation in the retail industry (Bennett, et. al., 2014). Equal Employment opportunity It is analyzed that when people connect with any company then they can be either too excited or nervous. Hence, Woolworths should provide the equal opportunity to their employees and should deal with them as an experience people (Gldner, et. al., 2015). Types of advertising Woolworths should also use different kinds of advertising to recruit the workforce within the organization. It is discussed as below: Local Newspaper The local paper has a classified part in which local job-seeker look to search their next career step. It can be an effective medium to match the requirement of people with the companys requirement. It can be more beneficial to recruit the local candidates as they have more idea about local language and culture. The main disadvantage of using advertisement in a newspaper is that it takes lots of space to fit the description of the job and also it could be more expensive (Pourshaban, et. al., 2015). Online Job Board There are certain online job boards in the Australia such as Career One, MyCareer and SEEK which enable the company to recruit best candidates. However, there are certain retail industry-specific boards which can help the company to target the right candidates. The company should use the internet to find for retail industry-specific jobs as it would be beneficial to obtain the idea about selecting candidates. However, it can be more time-consuming (Hunter, 2015). Company Website and Newsletter The company should also use its websites to advertise the job. This can be beneficial for that individual who looks at the Woolworths website and understands the retail industry. As a result, it could be a good source of recruiting candidates. It can also provide the good opportunity for the internal candidates to apply in case external candidates are unaware regarding the vacancy (Sellers, et. al., 2015). Social Media Social media is another type of advertisement tool which is used to recruit the potential applicants. For example, Woolworths can use the facebook page, and twitter feed to post the advertisement and link related to recruitment. It can also encourage the followers to share the post with their network. Along with this, professional network like LinkedIn can be used by Woolworths to create the awareness about the vacancy and can also lead their colleagues and workforce to share the advertisement with their networks (Gldner, et. al., 2015). It can be stated that if the company will use recruitment agency then they will support the organization to write an advertisement and also appeal to select the right candidates. However, online advertising is generally takes high fees because they use their proficiency to screen the resumes and choose relevant applicants to move the company to approve the next phase of the recruitment process (Curtis, and Reid, 2013). Conclusion and recommendation From the above interpretation, it can be concluded that there are different challenges faced by Woolworths at the time of recruiting the workforces within the organization. These challenges are labor supply and demand, organizational image, demographic issues, labor market, competitors and Political, Social and Legal Environment. It can be summarized that there are different strategy is used to overcome the recruitment process issues like employer branding and different type of advertisement strategy. From the above findings, it can be recommended that company can use different sourcing techniques to reach the appropriate applicants. In this way, it can use job sites, companys websites, referrals, alumni association, social media, job fairs and different channels to find applicants (Gldner, et. al., 2015). Along with this, Woolworths should keep the record of the candidates rather than focusing on which method was used. References Bailey, J., Price, R., Pyman, A., Parker, J. (2015). Union power in retail: contrasting cases in Australia and New Zealand.New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations (Online),40(1), 1. Bennett, A., Garcia, E., Schulze, M., Bailey, M., Doyle, K., Finn, W., ... Patterson, S. (2014). Building a laboratory workforce to meet the future: ASCP Task Force on the Laboratory Professionals Workforce.American journal of clinical pathology,141(2), 154-167. Curtis, E., Reid, P. (2013). Indigenous health workforce development: Challenges and successes of the Vision 20: 20 programme.ANZ journal of surgery,83(1-2), 49-54. Gldner, A., Kiss, T., Neto, A. S., Hemmes, S. N., Canet, J., Spieth, P. M., ... de Abreu, M. G. (2015). Intraoperative Protective Mechanical Ventilation for Prevention of Postoperative Pulmonary ComplicationsA Comprehensive Review of the Role of Tidal Volume, Positive End-expiratory Pressure, and Lung Recruitment Maneuvers.The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists,123(3), 692-713. Hairon, S., Tan, C. (2017). Professional learning communities in Singapore and Shanghai: implications for teacher collaboration.Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education,47(1), 91-104. Holbeche, L. (2015).The Agile Organization: How to build an innovative, sustainable and resilient business. USA: Kogan Page Publishers. Ibrahim, S., Sidani, S. (2014). Strategies to recruit minority persons: a systematic review.Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health,16(5), 882-888. Lai, Y., Saridakis, G., Blackburn, R., Johnstone, S. (2016). Are the HR responses of small firms different from large firms in times of recession?.Journal of Business Venturing,31(1), 113-131. Mabaya, E., Mandhania, A., Van der Elst, S. C., Xue, K., Li, H., Odell, S. G. (2016). Challenges and opportunities in South Africas indigenous plants industry: De Fynne Nursery.International Journal on Food System Dynamics,7(2), 131-142. Pourshaban, D., Basurto-Dvila, R., Shih, M. (2015). Building and sustaining strong public health agencies: determinants of workforce turnover.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,21, S80-S90. Sellers, K., Leider, J. P., Harper, E., Castrucci, B. C., Bharthapudi, K., Liss-Levinson, R., ... Hunter, E. L. (2015). The Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey: the first national survey of state health agency employees.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,21(Suppl 6), S13.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

The Themes and Techniques of the Nunnery scene in Hamlet Essay Example

The Themes and Techniques of the Nunnery scene in Hamlet Paper Hamlets true motives are questionable before he even enters into this fierce confrontation with Ophelia and by the time he storms out of it, we, the reader or audience, are left with very few answers. His manner, in particular his melancholy mood, has been affected by so many factors beforehand that it is almost impossible to source his outburst from any one of them in particular. His mother has remarried too quickly, his father has been recently murdered, he hates his uncle and perhaps most significantly he should be king. His depressing situation has led him to consider suicide and it would appear that Ophelia, although not completely free of blame herself, is the unfortunate scapegoat upon which Hamlet has decided to vent his fury. This conversation, closely watched by Claudius and Polonius, is, in fact, a test. Its supposed to establish whether Hamlets madness stems from his lovesickness over Ophelia or from the death of his father or indeed from one of the many other tragic elements of his predicament. The scene centres around one main dramatic element; does Hamlet know that he is being watched and, if so, at what stage of the scene does he become aware of this? Ophelias first line Good my lord, how does your honour for this many a day? reeks of incompetence and suspicion. The nature of the greeting and the formal manner with which the line is said would arouse the suspicion of Hamlet instantly. It can also be interpreted as Ophelias way of sending a subtle warning to Hamlet or simply an example or Ophelia following Daddys instructions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Themes and Techniques of the Nunnery scene in Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Themes and Techniques of the Nunnery scene in Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Themes and Techniques of the Nunnery scene in Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hamlets reply on Line 92 is equally formal perhaps he is mocking her and has already detected the unnatural atmosphere filling the room? Line 93 moves away from the formal tone as Ophelia brings up the subject of returning Hamlets love gifts. I have remembrances of yours that I have longi d long to re-deliver, has been clearly rehearsed with the alliterated l and the assonance on the o sound giving Hamlet a massive indication as to the fact that he is being set-up. It is at this point that some productions would decide to make this realisation clear; as done in a Russian version film adaptation directed by Grigori Kozintsev which was released in 1962. In this particular interpretation, Hamlet knocks the said remembrances out of Ophelias hand and onto the floor in a fit of rage as he says No, not I, I never gave you aught. In other productions, as in Kenneth Branaghs 1996 release, the line is said with the simple blunt, dismissive tone with which it is written. Line 93 also raises the question of Hamlets antic disposition it is possible that he is aware of Claudius and Polonius presence in the room and is simply going along with their theory of his madness by denying the fact that he ever gave Ophelia gifts in the first place. If so, this is a canny move to disorientate them. Hamlet may also want to disorientate Ophelia because he is suspicious of her odd behaviour without specifically being aware of the eavesdroppers. It would appear that the value of these presents has deteriorated due to Hamlets lack of love and Shakespeare has emphasised this point particularly well with the use of a rhyming couplet on Lines 100 and 101. This too is ironic because the text suggests that the remembrances had been given to Ophelia while Hamlet was reciting poetry, so this is therefore a snide, below the belt comment that will have had the desired impact. However, this methodical approach is not something that Hamlet would expect from Ophelia and again it sounds rehearsed. Line 103 Ha, ha, are you honest is where the subject and the dramatic dynamics of the scene change. Hamlet goes on the attack his sarcastic tone has come out of the blue, but with Claudius and Polonius watching on, it is, however, impossible to know whether this is genuine or just another attempt to disorientate and go along with his supposed antic disposition. He accuses Ophelia of being corrupt like all women, and, suddenly, Hamlet begins to use certain elements of his depressing life to make his point effectively. He suggests that beauty and virtue are closely linked together and in many productions, as in the Laurence Olivier production of 1948, Hamlet goes on a physical as well as verbal attack of Ophelia often portrayed as helpless. Hamlets disillusion with women almost certainly stems from his mothers actions with his Uncle Claudius; however it is apparent that he once had genuine love for Ophelia as demonstrated by Line 114. This poignant moment in the scene reveals a sense of regret on Hamlets part and leaves Ophelia feeling very vulnerable at this stage. Hamlet continues to emphasise his distrust of women by claiming Ophelia has betrayed him and that she has given in to temptation. In fact, he goes on to say that he himself is a sinner and that all human beings are born into sin; which is a contradiction to what he has just said. It is fair to say, therefore, that Hamlets depressing stance on human beings has been influenced by the corruption in his own life. Ophelia is sometimes portrayed as slightly more aggressive than is described as in the text; as done in Franco Zefirellis 1990 version where Helena Bonham Carter stands up for herself when saying the Line I was the more deceived. On the other hand, this could be seen as another feeble comment that has very little significance in the scene. At this point, however, Hamlet is back on the attack again. This change of dynamics leads him to exploit Ophelias weaknesses. He tells her to go to a Nunnery, which could have been interpreted in two different ways at the time. Hamlet could either be ordering his supposedly deceitful girlfriend to a convent, so she will be protected from the horrible world surrounding them, or to a brothel, because she is corrupt like humanity. Either meaning makes complete sense and is therefore ambiguous; another technique used to tow the line of his antic disposition or indeed his genuine madness. If Hamlet intended to use the latter meaning, he is being extremely insulting to the woman he is supposed to be in love with. It also implies that female sins take the form of sex and that she is weak and open to temptation. This is particularly clever because nunnery is common Elizabethan slang. Hamlets antic disposition first mentioned in Act 1 Scene 5 is a dominant theme in not just this scene but throughout the whole play. He could actually be mad; he has seen the ghost of his father, he has had suicidal tendencies, his friends are spying on him and there is great pressure on him to carry out his revenge. Ophelias betrayal another key theme is also very important. Hamlet blames Ophelia for his madness, supporting Polonius theory that he is love sick, and this could have driven him to a bizarre mental state. Or, he could be both sane and mad at the same time. His antic disposition could be a cover for revenge but while putting on this guise Hamlet may have even convinced himself that he is insane. He could also be genuinely divided; there is great conflict in his life and this could lead him to flash in and out of madness. Corruption is something that is clearly playing on Hamlets mind throughout this scene and it is clear that the recent murder of his father and the swift replacement of him as King by his uncle is becoming too much to handle. However this sequence of events, or at least similar ones, was not uncommon in the Elizabethan world. At the time, incestuous marriages and relationships were widely debated but not as frowned upon as they are now although Hamlet clearly takes the latter view. Hamlets rant continues; he has talked himself into a fit of rage and is almost always portrayed as violent by this stage of the scene to the extent that he is coming across as genuinely mad. He says it would have been better if he himself had not been born; further adding to the aura of insanity surrounding him. He talks about how his revengeful thoughts may have made him stoop to the same level as Claudius and that his proud and ambitious personality has contributed to this. Line 125-126: We are arrant knaves all, believe none of us sums this up particularly well. Perhaps at this point in the scene comes the moment where Hamlet finally comes to a self-realization that the conversation if being overheard unless that happens much earlier on in the scene. Some productions, as in Kenneth Brannaghs, use loud rustling as a rather unsubtle way of drawing Polonius and Claudius to Hamlets attention, whereas in the Lawrence Olivier version, Hamlet is virtually left to pick up on Ophelias body language alone to detect their presence. At this point Ophelia lies. She has gone past a point of no return and Hamlet knows this she has chosen her father and the King over him. Her response to the question Wheres your father? is At home my Lord and although Hamlet knows this is a lie, he decides not to confront her about it. Instead, he uses this as an opportunity to make a bitter, aggressive and public threat to Polonius and Claudius. In fact, Hamlet goes a step further and begins to break off his relationship with Ophelia. He says that bringing more children into the world would be committing more sins and rules out the possibility of marriage his public threat then comes, with him that he will leave all others alone, except Claudius, who he intends to kill. A sane Hamlet would perhaps have left things there, and it is clear that one part of him wants to with the fact that he says Farewell for a third time. However, he continues his onslaught of abuse on Ophelia by saying that she will not escape malicious lies as it is part of her nature, even if she comes across as innocent and virtuous. He says Get thee to a nunnery for the fourth time to emphasise his point further before storming out. Hamlets antic disposition was questionable at the beginning of the scene and is even more so by the end of it. He is clearly love sick because of the frequent contradictions he makes during his break-up speech to Ophelia, yet he sees his once virtuous girlfriend being tarnished by the corruption he sees around him and his desperation for revenge. That, however, does not make him a madman and although it is impossible to know for certain, it would appear that the Nunnery Scene in Hamlet is where all the depressing elements and themes of his life come to a head and that Ophelia is the unfortunate and convenient scapegoat upon which he releases all of his anger.